Teknik Diagnostik Konvensional dan Lanjutan Untuk Pemeriksaan Mikrobiologi pada Infeksi Nosokomial di Indonesia
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Abstract
Pendahuluan: Infeksi nosokomial merupakan infeksi mikroorganisme seperti bakteri, virus, dan jamur yang didapat selama proses menerima perawatan kesehatan. Teknik diagnostik untuk pemeriksaan infeksi nosokomial berperan penting dalam menentukan akurasi infeksi agen mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi, sehingga pengobatan yang diberikan dapat tepat dan meminimalisir resistensi obat. Tujuan: tinjauan literatur ini disusun untuk memberikan gambaran teknik diagnostik infeksi nosokomial menggunakan metode konvensional dan lanjutan berupa uji serologis dan PCR. Metode: Penyusunan tinjauan ini didasarkan pada kajian literature perkembangan teknik diagnostik di laboratorium medis. Hasil: Teknik diagnostik konvensional umumnya dilakukan dengan cara kultur pada media buatan, pengamatan makroskopik dan uji biokimia. Uji lanjutan yang dapat diaplikasikan adalah uji serologi, uji antigen, dan molekuler seperti teknik PCR. Kesimpulan: Teknik diagnostik konvensional untuk pemeriksaan mikrobiologi pada infeksi nosokokomial memerlukan uji lanjutan untuk membantu penegakan diagnosis secara cepat dan akurat.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nosocomial infections are infections caused by microbial such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. that is acquired during the process of receiving health care. Diagnostic techniques for the examination of nosocomial infections play an important role in determining the accuracy of the infection of microorganisms causing infectious agents so that the treatment given can be appropriate and minimize drug resistance. Purpose: This literature review is structured to provide an overview of diagnostic techniques for nosocomial infection using conventional and advanced methods. Methods: The preparation of this review is based on the development of diagnostic techniques in the medical laboratory. Results: Conventional diagnostic techniques are generally carried out by means of culture on artificial media, macroscopic observations, and biochemical tests. Further tests that can be applied are serological tests, antigen tests, and molecular tests such as PCR techniques. Conclusion: Conventional diagnostic techniques for the microbiological examination of nosocomial infections require further tests to help establish a rapid and accurate diagnosis. on
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Nosocomial infections are infections caused by microbial such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. that is acquired during the process of receiving health care. Diagnostic techniques for the examination of nosocomial infections play an important role in determining the accuracy of the infection of microorganisms causing infectious agents so that the treatment given can be appropriate and minimize drug resistance. Purpose: This literature review is structured to provide an overview of diagnostic techniques for nosocomial infection using conventional and advanced methods. Methods: The preparation of this review is based on the development of diagnostic techniques in the medical laboratory. Results: Conventional diagnostic techniques are generally carried out by means of culture on artificial media, macroscopic observations, and biochemical tests. Further tests that can be applied are serological tests, antigen tests, and molecular tests such as PCR techniques. Conclusion: Conventional diagnostic techniques for the microbiological examination of nosocomial infections require further tests to help establish a rapid and accurate diagnosis. on
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Karya ini dilisensikan di bawah Lisensi Internasional Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 .
How to Cite
Koentjoro, M., Maifanda, A., Febrianti, A., Zahra, N., & Yuliawati, S. (2021). Teknik Diagnostik Konvensional dan Lanjutan Untuk Pemeriksaan Mikrobiologi pada Infeksi Nosokomial di Indonesia. Jurnal Insan Cendekia, 8(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.35874/jic.v8i2.935
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BioMérieux. (2018). Blood Culture a Key Investigation for Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infection. USA: BioMérieux, Inc.
Budiharjo, T dkk. (2016). Pengaruh Penanganan Sputum Terhadap Kualitas Sputum Penderita TBC Secara Mikroskopis Bakteri Tahan Asam. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan. Vol.5 No.1, 40 – 44.
Borman, A.M., & Johnson, E.M. (2014). Interpretation of Fungal Culture Results. Curr Fungal Infect Rep. Vol.8 No.4, 1-10. DOI: 10.1007/s12281-014-0204-z.
Chela, H. K., Vasudevan, A., Moreno, C. R., dan Naqvi, H. (2019). Approach to Positive Blood Cultures in the Hospitalized Patient: A Review. Missouri Medicine. Vol.116 No.4, 313–317.
Fadila, M. F. A., Suharti, N., & Rasyid, R. (2019). Gambaran Bakteri Penyebab Infeksi Pada Anak Berdasarkan Jenis Spesimen dan Pola Resistensinya di Laboratorium Dr. M. Djamil Padang Tahung 2014-2016. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. Vol.8 No.2, 26-32.doi: 10.25077/jka.v8i2S.955
Gunn, J. S., Marshall, J. M., Baker, S., Dongol, S., Charles, R. C., & Ryan, E. T. (2014). Salmonella Chronic Carriage: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Gallbladder Persistence. Trends Microbiol. Vol.22 No.11, 648–655.DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.06.007.
Hadisaputra, Wachyu. (2018). Identification of Microorganisms in Vaginal Swab and Peritoneal Fluid of Women with Endometriosis. Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol.6 No.4, 232-238.DOI: 10.32771/in a jog.v6i4.847.
Heriyati., Hatisah., Astuti, A. (2020). Hubungan Pengetahuan Dengan Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Infeksi Nosokomial di Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan. Vol .9 No.1, 87–92.
Kalil, A. C., Metersky, M. L., et al. (2016). Management of Adults with Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Disease Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clinical Infectious Disease. Vol.63 No.5, 1061–1111. DOI: 10.1093/CID/ciw353
Karah, N. et al. (2020). Guideline for Urine Culture and Biochemical Identification of Bacterial Urinary Pathogens in Low–Resource Settings. Journal Diagnostics.Vol.10 No.832, 1 – 10. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100832
Kemenkes. (2020). Pengambilan, Pengepakan dan Pengiriman Spesimen Serta Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Untuk Middle East Respiratory Syndrom Corona Virus. Jakarta: Kemenkes. https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/download/Info_Lab_MERS.pdf
Khan, S.A., Shwetha, J.V., Harsha, T.R., & Ambrica, R. (2017). Comparison of Chicago Sky Blue (Novel Stain) with Calcofluor White and Pottasium Hydroxide Mount for Rapid Diagnosis of Dermatomy Dermatomucosis and Onychomycosis in a Tertiary Care Centre. International Journal of Current Research. Vol.9 No.2, 46864-46868.
Leonardo. (2015). Prostate Specific Antigen dalam pembuktian persetubuhan. Tesis Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta.
Lestari, I.D.A.M., dan Hendrayana, M.A. (2017). Identifikasi dan Diagnosis Infeksi Bakteri Salmonella typhi [Artikel Ilmiah]. Denpasar, Bali: Universitas Udayana.
Liu, C., Tianbin, C., Lin,J., Chen,H., Chen,J., Lin,S., et al. (2014). Evaluation of the Performance of Four Methods for Detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Their Application for Testing 116,455 specimens. J Virol Methods. DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.039
Lubis, B. M., Nelly., Syofiani, B., Sianturi, P., Azlin, E., Tjipta, G. D. (2013). Hubungan Kultur Darah Pasien Tersangka Sepsis dengan Nilai Prokalsitonin dan C– Reactive Protein. Sari Pediatri. Vol.15 No.1, 5–9. doi:10.14238/sp15.1.2013.5–9
Marzony, I., Yani, F. F., & Efrida. (2016). Diagnostic Test on C–Reactive Protein in Childhood Community Bacterial Pneumonia. Vol.17 No.5. DOI: 10.14238/sp17.5.2016.391–395.
Megananda, H.P., Sukini, & Yodong. (2017). Mikrobiologi. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Octavia A & Sri Wantini. (2017). Perbandingan Petumbuhan Jamur Aspergillus flavus Pada Media PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) dan Media Alternatif dari Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Jurnal Analis Kesehatan. Vol.6 No.2, 625 – 631. doi: 10.26630/jak.v6i2.788.
Parwati, I., Yanti., Indrati, A.R., & Alam, A. (2015). Validitas Pemeriksaan Antigen P24 HIV Metode Rapid Immunochromatography terhadap Viral Load RNA HIV Metode PCR. Sari Pediatri. Vol.16 No.5, 347-350. Doi: 10.14238/sp16.5.2015.347-50.
Prayoga, I. K. A. A., & Fatmawati, N. N. D. (2018). Identifikasi Salmonella spp pada Feses Penjamah Makanan di Rumah Potong Ayam RJ dengan Metode Kultur. Intisari Sains Medis. Vol.9 No.3, 1–5.
Samosir, N. E., Loesnihari, R., & Aman, A. K. (2019). Correlation Between Time to Positivity Blood Culture and Procalcitonin in Bacteremia Patients. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory. Vol.25 No.3, 283–289. DOI: 10.24293/income.v25i3.1506.
Shen, F., & Sergi, C. (2020). Sputum Analysis. USA: NCBI. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563195/.
Situmorang., dan Paskah, R. (2020). Hubungan pengetahuan bidan tentang infeksi nosokomial dengan tindakan pencegahannya pada pasien bedah seksio sesarea. Jurnal Keperawatan Priority Vol.3 No.1, 83–90. doi: 10.34012/jukep.v3i1.811.
Sterry–Blunt, R. E., et al. (2015). Screening Urine Samples for The Absence of Urinary Tract Infection Using The sediMAX Automated Microscopy Analyser. Journal of Medical Microbiology. Vol.64 No.6, 605 – 609. DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000064.
Sucipta, A. (2015). Baku Emas Pemeriksaan Laboratorium Demam Tifoid pada Anak. Jurnal Skala Husada. Vol.12 No.1, 22–26.
Suharto., & Ratna. (2016). Hubungan Pengetahuan dan Sikap Perawat Dengan Tindakan Pencegahan Infeksi di Ruang ICU Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Riset Herti Medan. Vol.1 No.1, 1–10. doi: 10.34008/jurhesti.v1i1.1.
Thompson, R. B. (2016). Body Fluid Cultures (Excluding Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Urine): Aerobic Bacteriology. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press.
WHO. (2011). Diagnosis Molekuler Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Control. World Health Organization.
Ying, L., Yue-ping, L., Bo, D., Feifei, R., Yue, W., Jinya, D., et al. (2020). Diagnostic Indexes of a Rapid IgG/IgM Combined Antibody Test for SARS-CoV-2. MedRxiv. Doi: 10.1101/2020.03.26.20044883